APEX Targets are:
Cold extremes: Arctic marine and terrestrial glacial maxima; sea level minima and sea-ice maxima; Arctic Ocean palaeoceanography; ice shelf extent; past atmospheric circulation
Warm extremes: interglacial and interstadial environments; sea level maxima; sea-ice minima; Arctic Ocean palaeoceanography; ice shelf extent
Hydrological extremes: Fluvial-marine interaction; freshwater budget and ice-dammed lakes
Permafrost extremes: Maximum and minimum extent; rates of change; response to climate change
Glacio-dynamical extremes: Ice sheet configurations and instability; palaeo-ice stream dynamics and feedback mechanisms
Biotic change: Evolution of the Arctic marine and terrestrial biosphere and its response to extreme palaeoclimatic conditions; ice-age development of human settlement