The story of liquid water within the ice beneath the accumulation area gets more interesting every day. Terry and Darek extract some clear ice on a nice day. Click on the panorama and drag to look around, press Shift to zoom in, Command (Mac) or Control (PC) to zoom out. We knew that the ice here would be warm relative to the mean annual air temperature, but none of us suspected that there would be liquid water within the ice. After our first encounter with water at about 70 meters depth, we’ve been tracking water level in the hole over time. Every time we drill deeper, the water level drops. But after a fe...

After encountering water at about 70 meters depth within the glacier, we made it about another 10 slushy meters with the electro-mechanical drill before switching over to a thermal drill. Rather than spin an auger through the ice to retrieve a core, this drill melts its way down by capturing a core within a barrel with a hot ring at the tip. Switching over between systems is normally a cumbersome process which requires cutting a cable and resoldering a bunch of connections – each time the switch is made. For this trip, however, someone had craftily created an adapter cable which would have eliminated the soldering, except that the wrong plug had been attached at one end. This required using an unnecessary part of the electro-mechanical drill to further adapt the systems without soldering...

Though I’m the lead scientist of the trip and responsible for making sure all of our goals are successful, the main task delegated to me personally is to document the state of McCall Glacier through photographs during this IPY. By photographs, I’m talking about gigapixel imagery – photomosaics composed of dozens to hundreds of individual photographs seamlessly merged together into a single image. A low resolution 360 degree panorama from the survey location. Click on the panorama and drag to look around, press Shift to zoom in, Command (Mac) or Control (PC) to zoom out. My idea is to photograph the entire vall...

Drilling stopped about 4AM when the core barrel came up dripping wet. Water? Seventy meters down within the accumulation area of an arctic glacier? Is that unusual? I really have no idea, though I was surprised by it. We had expected the ice here to be about 150 m thick, based on radar we had done earlier not too far away. So to hit liquid water only halfway down was a big surprise. We had gone to a night-time drilling schedule because of the problems the sun was creating by getting the core stuck due to melting snow. I say “we” in the royal sense, as it is really Bella, Terry, Darek, and Ryo that are doing all of the coring work. I walk over every once in a while and try to look official, but my time has been mostly occupied by sorting gear, finding tools or solutions t...

Drilling progress slowed substantially with an improvement in the weather, then stopped completely as we focused on staying alive during a storm. The past few days had been overcast, with no direct sun. With the sun out in full force yesterday, snow began melting on the core barrel and then re-freezing again once it was lowered back in the hole where it was colder. This is problematic because when the core barrel gets stuck in the outer section, the core can be damaged when trying to extract it. So we decided to stop work in the early afternoon and start again at 5AM before the sun came up. At dinner time, the wind had picked up a bit, and continued to grow stronger through the evening. By 3AM, it had intensified quite a bit, and I began to be concerned about the integrity of our tents. At...

After years of planning, failures, and considerable efforts, we have finally extracted the first section of our deep ice core from McCall Glacier. Ice cores from glaciers around the world provide the best record of climate over the past 100 to 100,000 years. No other sources of information provide such long-term, high temporal-resolution or accurate information on climate. McCall Glacier sits inside of essentially a black hole of climate information -- there are neither long-term weather station records nor proxy paleo-climate records in this large region of the Arctic. The ice on McCall Glacier is several hundred years old, and in each of those years clues as to what the weather was like that year get trapped within a layer of snow, which then gets buried by the next year’s layer. Over ...

The big day is here and the weather is good – it’s time to live and work on an arctic glacier for the next few months. I gave our pilot Dirk a call at 7AM to let him know that the weather looked fine in Kaktovik, and he confirmed that the weather in Coldfoot, where his airplane is based, looked good too. So we decided to go for it. It’s a little over a two hour flight for Dirk to fly his DeHavilland Beaver from Coldfoot to Kaktovik, which gave us some time for breakfast and shuttling the rest of our gear down to the airport. The airport in Kaktovik is not like those found in most cities. There is no TSA, there are no parking meters, and there’s not even a building to wait around in. It’s just a runway on a gravel spit between the ocean and the mainland, with an old...

Our five month expedition to arctic Alaska began today with our first stop at Kaktovik, Alaska. Kaktovik is a village of about 300 people, mostly native Alaskans, on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. It’s actually located on an island, separated by a small strip of water from the mainland, but in winter it is all frozen so it is essentially connected. Turner “Is there enough room for me in the car?” No one had much sleep lately. ...

May 26, 2008. Emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) through human activities have a well-known impact on the Earth's climate. Its other, less well-known impact is ocean acidification, with uncertain consequences on marine organisms and ecosystems. The European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) will be launched on 10 June 2008. Its goal is to document ocean acidification, investigate its impact on biological processes, predict its consequences over the next 100 years, and advise policy-makers on potential thresholds or tipping points that should not be exceeded. The World's oceans cover over 70% of the planet's surface, contribute half of its primary production and contain an enormous diversity of life. Thus it is not surprising that they provide i...

Return to Main Land and Life Page Background: Layers of perennially frozen ground known as permafrost exist under about 20% of the Earth’s surface. Permafrost occurs on land in both the Arctic and Antarctic, as well as beneath the ocean around the Arctic coast and in many high mountain areas. Seasonal thawing and freezing of the soil forms a shallow active layer that overlies the permafrost. In contrast, deep permafrost, frozen to depths of 500 to 1000 meters, may have existed in a frozen state for thousands of years. Frozen soils have greater mechanical stability than unfrozen soils. Permafrost degradation can cause problems for roads, pipelines ...